论文标题

了解错误对人群计数中背景区域的影响

Understanding the impact of mistakes on background regions in crowd counting

论文作者

Modolo, Davide, Shuai, Bing, Varior, Rahul Rama, Tighe, Joseph

论文摘要

每个人群都在计算研究人员都可能观察到他们的模型对不包含任何人的图像区域的错误预测错误。但是这些错误多久发生一次?我们的模型对此有负面影响吗?在本文中,我们深入分析了这个问题。为了了解其规模,我们对五个最重要的人群计数数据集进行了广泛的分析。我们分为两个部分进行了分析。首先,我们量化了流行人群计数方法造成的错误次数。我们的结果表明,(i)背景上的错误是实质性的,并且是造成总误差的18-49%,(ii)模型并不能很好地推广到不同种类的背景,并且在完全背景图像上表现不佳,并且(iii)模型造成的错误比由标准平均绝对错误(MAE)捕获的错误要多,因为在背景上是依靠背景的标准均值错误(MAE),这是对Missempendinsemp者的数量的补偿。其次,我们通过帮助模型更好地解决此问题来量化绩效变化。我们丰富了一个典型的人群计数网络,其细分分支训练以抑制背景预测。这种简单的添加(i)将背景误差降低10-83%,(ii)将前景错误降低了26%,并且(iii)将整体人群计数的绩效提高到20%。与文献相比,这种简单的技术在所有数据集上都取得了非常有竞争力的结果,与最先进的技术相当,显示了解决背景问题的重要性。

Every crowd counting researcher has likely observed their model output wrong positive predictions on image regions not containing any person. But how often do these mistakes happen? Are our models negatively affected by this? In this paper we analyze this problem in depth. In order to understand its magnitude, we present an extensive analysis on five of the most important crowd counting datasets. We present this analysis in two parts. First, we quantify the number of mistakes made by popular crowd counting approaches. Our results show that (i) mistakes on background are substantial and they are responsible for 18-49% of the total error, (ii) models do not generalize well to different kinds of backgrounds and perform poorly on completely background images, and (iii) models make many more mistakes than those captured by the standard Mean Absolute Error (MAE) metric, as counting on background compensates considerably for misses on foreground. And second, we quantify the performance change gained by helping the model better deal with this problem. We enrich a typical crowd counting network with a segmentation branch trained to suppress background predictions. This simple addition (i) reduces background error by 10-83%, (ii) reduces foreground error by up to 26% and (iii) improves overall crowd counting performance up to 20%. When compared against the literature, this simple technique achieves very competitive results on all datasets, on par with the state-of-the-art, showing the importance of tackling the background problem.

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